Jennifer Straka – SCI-184 Blog: Fall 2015

Keystone XL Pipeline

What is the Keystone XL Pipeline? The Keystone Pipeline already exists. What doesn’t exist fully yet is its proposed expansion, the Keystone XL Pipeline. The existing Keystone runs from oil sand fields in Alberta, Canada into the U.S., ending in Cushing, Oklahoma. The 1,700 new miles of pipeline would offer two sections of expansion. First, a southern leg would connect Cushing, Oklahoma with the Gulf Coast of Texas, where oil refineries exist in abundance. That leg went into operation in January 2014. Second, the pipeline would include a new section from Alberta to Kansas. Here, it will pass through a region where oil extraction is currently booming and take on some of this crude for transport.The southern leg of the Keystone XL ties into the existing Keystone pipeline that already runs to Canada, bringing up to 700,000 barrels of oil a day to refineries in Texas. At peak capacity, the pipeline will deliver 830,000 barrels of oil per day.

What is the current state of the Keystone XL Pipeline addition to Canada? TransCanada has been attempting to get a permit for the pipeline project for more than five years. Since the northern leg of the pipeline crosses international borders, TransCanada needs to obtain a Presidential Permit through the State Department for construction of the portion of the pipeline that goes from Canada to the U.S. Most recently, in mid-April 2014, the Obama administration postponed again a decision on a Presidential Permit, citing uncertainty about a court case in Nebraska over the pipeline’s route. While the northern leg stalled, TransCanada went ahead on the southern leg. In the image below the blue dashed line is the section in question.

How many jobs will the pipeline create? The numbers vary largely, so there is not a clear consensus on how many jobs will be created. TransCanada estimates the pipeline would bring 20,000 new jobs to the US. The State Department released a report in March 2013 stating that the pipeline could (directly or indirectly) create up to 42,000 jobs, including 3,900 construction jobs. But President Obama refuted that in July 2013, claiming “the most realistic estimates are this might create maybe 2,000 jobs during the construction of the pipeline, which might take a year or two, and then after that we’re talking about somewhere between 50 and 100 jobs in an economy of 150 million working people.” Some estimates have gone as high as 500,000, but that number seems very unrealistic.

What are the environmental impacts? One of my resources, the Natural Resources and Defense Council opposes the pipeline, largely due to the environmental impacts. They are not alone, as there are many who agree that the pipeline is damaging to the environment. A large issuse comes from the use of tar sands found in the deposits in Canada. The scientific name for tar sand is bitumen, a mixture of clay, sand, water, and oil that with modern technology can be refined into usable oil. Critics say that it is more corrosive than conventional oil. A report by a coalition of critics that include the Sierra Club and the Natural Resources Defense Council claimed that “bitumen blends are more acidic, thick and sulfuric than conventional crude” and “contain significantly higher quantities of abrasive quartz sand particles.” There are worries that it could cause corrosion and therefore leaks in the pipeline. There have been leaks in the past, however, they have been due to faulty fittings and seals at pump or valve stations. Environmentalists also point to the process of refining tar sands oil, saying it will create large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions, though the exact percentage increase is debated.

References:

1. Natural Resources Defense Council

http://www.nrdc.org/energy/keystone-pipeline/

2. TransCanada

http://keystone-xl.com/about/the-keystone-xl-oil-pipeline-project/

3. State Impact

https://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/tag/keystone-xl-pipeline/

Brainstorming Session #1

My partner for the experiment project is Jill Swan. Jill came up with an idea relatively early on in our brainstorming process to do an experiment relating to the energy use of different kinds of light bulbs. We hear everywhere that LED’s are the best, most efficient light bulbs, but we want to put that to the test.

The plan for the experiment is to power a socket that is connected to a switch and an outlet. Three types of light bulbs will be screwed into the socket one after the other- compact fluorescent, LED, and incandescent (pictured below in that order).

Two things will be evaluated in our experiment- a multimeter will be used to measure the electricity being used and a solar cell will measure the light output. The bulbs are all the same wattage (60). Like the previous experiments in class, the student will take the average of 3-5 trials and use those numbers to graph the information to determine the efficiency of the light bulbs. Jill and I hypothesize that the LED will be the most efficient, followed by the CFL, with incandescent being the least efficient.

Since our brainstorming session we have gathered the needed materials at Home Depot and have a plan for how we are going to assemble all the pieces to make a working circuit. We met a very helpful man at Home Depot who assisted us and have also done research on the internet. One of the biggest concerns for us is the safety of ourselves and the other students who will be handling the experiment. We are not familiar with the wiring for electrical circuits and so we have purchased some items to keep everyone safe. We have electrical tape to cover the exposed wires so that no one can touch them and be electrocuted and we have a box to hold the switch as a back-up safety measure.

We have divided the work up as follows: Friday during class we are going to try and assemble the experiment. We will communicate over google drive to work together on the experiment handout. Over Thanksgiving break I will make the powerpoint. I will send it to Jill to make sure she agrees with what I have out together. Jill will write the final blog post and she will send it to me to make sure I agree with what she has written.

MIT Nuclear Reactor

The MIT Nuclear Reactor has been in commission for 54 years. “NRL has provided a safe and reliable neutron source and the infrastructure to facilitate use of that source. During its long and distinguished history, the NRL has supported educational training and cutting-edge research in the areas of nuclear fission engineering, material science, radiation effects in biology and medicine, neutron physics, geochemistry, and environmental studies.”

The nuclear reactor does not produce energy. It is for research purposes only. It also does not do any research into information that relates to weaponry. The reactor allows for student interaction, a great benefit to MIT and other students who want a hands on experience in regards to nuclear reactors.

The reactor there today is the second generation model, referred to as the MITR-II. In 1973, the MITR-I was shut down to allow conversion to the MITR-II, which offered a higher neutron flux level. The current reactor is a heavy-water reflected, light-water cooled and moderated nuclear reactor that utilizes flat, plate-type, finned, aluminum-clad fuel elements.

There are many safety precautions at the nuclear reactor lab- background checks, signatures at the reception desk, radiation measurements in multiple forms, full-time operator, pressurized chamber, metal and concrete containers to hold radioactive material, just to name some of the many ways the lab ensures the safety of its employees and the people and systems that could be affected. There are many fail safes to ensure no radioactive material gets released from the lab. The reactor is in a special containment building, so if anything were to happen, the material would be kept from leaving the lab.

One thing I found interesting during the visit was that the lab helped make radioactive “seeds” for cancer treatment. I think it is great they are using the resources to contribute positively to the community.

I was not aware until this class that a nuclear reactor was so close to where I live. The trip reinforced my thoughts that nuclear reactors can be very safe when the proper precautions are taken.

Pandora’s Promise

Pandora’s Promise is a documentary covering the debate over nuclear power. It presents the aspects of both sides, pro and anti-nuclear and many of the pro-nuclear interviewees were at one time anti-nuclear. This provides an interesting perspective on how some very enthusiastic environmentalists publicly condemning nuclear power can now be very much so in support of nuclear power.

Overall the documentary presents a position in support of nuclear power and does so by “debunking” many of the myths associated with nuclear power. These myths mostly center around the danger nuclear power presents such as the history of nuclear accidents- Three Mile Island, Fukushima, Chernobyl… They addressed the fact that the death toll is thought to be very high, with some extremists (as shown in the documentary) when that is actually not the case at all. Nuclear power has one of the lowest amount of deaths in regards to energy types, an even lower position than solar energy.

I was not aware of the varying levels of background radiation that exists everywhere in varying quantities. Radiation is a naturally produced substance and it is different when one goes to different locations, such as being higher in high altitudes. Chernobyl had a lower amount of radiation than many other locations, so what does this mean? Many people who lived in the area before the accident have returned and, as far as they are aware, no one has suffered any deaths related to the radiation.

One of the most interesting parts of the documentary in my option was when the fine print of an anti-nuclear add was read and it turned out to be sponsored by the oil and gas industry. It is true that solar and wind energy at this point are not capable of making up for the energy production fossil fuels contribute, at least not today and maybe not ever.

The fact is that the world’s energy needs are continuing to grow, especially as third world countries develop. Electricity brings a higher quality of life to people and the people of developing countries are making strides in gaining access to electricity. As this energy demand grows, so does the strain on the environment as we use resources (fossil fuels) that produce emissions. Nuclear is a very clean producer of energy and it can reuse its fuel! The dangerous products that nuclear energy produces are very minimal and can safely be stored. New models of reactors can even use this stored material as fuel.

While I was in support of nuclear energy before this documentary, it did a clear and concise job of explaining many of the key issues people, including myself, associate with nuclear power- weapons, toxic material, safety… I feel it is very informative and addresses the issues in ways that the general public can understand. There are many misconceptions when it comes to nuclear energy and it is an interesting take having people who used to believe in those misconceptions take part in the explanation of why they are inaccurate.

Solar Energy Experiment

In the Solar Energy experiment, I worked with my partner to experiment with the effect distance has on voltage as well as how filter color affects voltage.

The first chart demonstrates the results we got in regards to distance and voltage. We had a flashlight and a small solar cell and held the flashlight at different distances from the solar cell. The distances were 0 cm, where the solar cell was turned upside down against the table in an attempt to block all light from it, 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, and 8 cm. For the most part, each time the flashlight got farther from the solar cell, the amount of voltage decreased. This makes sense with what we learned in class, as the closer the light source is to the solar cell the higher the voltage. The second graph represents our results in regards to the filters. We experimented with four filter colors, yellow, red, blue, and purple. Yellow allowed for the highest amount of voltage while red allowed for the lowest. Second and third highest were purple and blue respectively.

Solar Energy Efforts Around the World

There are many interesting ways to harness solar energy. These ideas come from all over the world. I will be discussing three of them in this post.

1. Solar Botanic is a company in London that creates “trees” that people can “plant” aka install on their property to harness the energy from the sun, as well as the power of the wind. While the artificial trees from Solar Botanic don’t exactly have the ability to remove carbon emissions and pollution like a natural tree, these trees can directly provide power to your car and your home. Nanoleaves, composed of nantenna electromagnetic collectors, convert both “visible” and “invisible” radiation into electricity. This sophisticated approach allows for energy to be gathered at a high efficiency even after the sun has set, or on a cloudy day. The image below represents how the product works.

2. Scott and Julie Brusaw have created and are still in the research and development stage of Solar Roadways. They are a startup company founded in 2006 in Sandpoint, Idaho. If immediately implemented, an entirely unrealistic prospect even by the company’s own admission, with commercially produced solar panels available today, the resulting energy savings gained from not burning fossil fuels could cut the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions in half, according to Solar Roadways projections. Solar road panels are made with layers of super-strong glass embedded with photovoltaic cells, electrical wiring and LED lights, which can be used to create signs on the surface directing traffic or alerting motorists to hazardous conditions. The picture below is a rendering of what a Solar Roadway would look like.

3. Engineers in Belgium officially switched on Europe’s first solar powered train tunnel, spanning a 2.1-mile stretch of the rail line connecting the City of Lights to Mokum. The installation’s 16,000 solar panels will be used to provide 50 percent of the energy needed to power nearby Antwerp Central Station and to provide extra juice for both high-speed and traditional trains. Originally developed to help protect travelers from falling trees in an ancient forest, the project is expected to produce up to 3,300 megawatts hours per year, while decreasing annual CO2 emissions by about 2,400 tons.

References:

1. Solar Botanic

http://solarbotanic.com/how-it-works/

2. Biofriendly Corporation

http://biofriendly.com/blog/solar/10-inventive-ways-to-use-solar-power/

3. How Stuff Works

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/solar-roadways.htm

4. Engadget

http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/07/europes-first-solar-powered-train-tunnel-goes-live-on-belgian-h/

Self-Study of Nuclear Energy

The details of how nuclear energy works has been discussed in previous posts, but as a refresher, the following paragraph is a summary.

A nuclear reactor produces electricity in much the same way other power plants do. Some form of energy creates heat, which turns water into steam. The pressure of the steam turns a generator, which produces electricity. The difference is in how the heat is created. Power plants that run on fossil fuels burn coal, oil or natural gas to generate heat. In a nuclear energy facility, heat is produced from splitting atoms – a process called nuclear fission. Enriched uranium is the fuel for nuclear reactors. Uranium is an abundant, naturally radioactive element found in most rocks. As uranium breaks down or decays, it produces heat inside the Earth’s crust. A similar process generates heat inside a nuclear reactor. The image below is a graphic representation of the production of nuclear energy.

Globally, there have been at least 99 (civilian and military) recorded nuclear power plant accidents from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than $50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define nuclear energy accidents that must be reported), totaling $20.5 billion in property damages. Property damage costs include destruction of property, emergency response, environmental remediation, evacuation, lost product, fines, and court claims. Because nuclear power plants are large and complex, accidents on site tend to be relatively expensive. The International Atomic Energy Authority ranks them using an International Nuclear Events Scale (INES) – ranging from ‘anomaly’ to ‘major accident’, numbered from 1 to 7. Some of the worst accidents include:

>Chernobyl, Ukraine- INES Level 7, 1986

>3 Mile Island, Pennsylvania- INES Level 5, 1979

>Fukushima, Japan- INES Level 7, 2011

References:

1. ENEC

http://www.enec.gov.ae/learn-about-nuclear-energy/how-does-nuclear-energy-work/#nuclear-fission

2. The Guardian

http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/14/nuclear-power-plant-accidents-list-rank

3. Wikipedia- List of Nuclear Power Accidents By Country

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country#cite_note-bksaccident-7

4. Take Part

http://www.takepart.com/photos/11-worst-nuclear-accidents/windscale-pile-great-britain-ines-level-5-1957

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster- What happened? The Great East Japan Earthquake (magnitude 9.0) occurred on March 11, 2011 at 2.46 pm and did considerable damage in the region. The large tsunami it created caused significant damage as well. Fukushima Daiichi was one four nuclear power plants with eleven reactors between them in the region operating at the time and all shut down automatically when the quake hit. The reactors held up to the seismic activity of the earthquake, but were vulnerable to the tsunami. Power, from grid or backup generators, was available to run the Residual Heat Removal (RHR) system cooling pumps at eight of the eleven units, and despite some problems they achieved ‘cold shutdown’ within about four days. The other three, at Fukushima Daiichi, lost power at 3.42 pm, almost an hour after the quake, when the entire site was flooded by the 15-metre tsunami. This disabled 12 of 13 back-up generators on site and also the heat exchangers for dumping reactor waste heat and decay heat to the sea. The three units lost the ability to maintain proper reactor cooling and water circulation functions. It took weeks to stabilize the reactors.

Evacuation and Radiation: The government issued an evacuation instruction for residents within 3km radius in the beginning. Eventually it was expanded to within 20km, and the residents of a range of 20km -30km were instructed to stay indoors. There have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident, but over 100,000 people were evacuated from their homes to ensure this. Government nervousness delays the return of many. As of July 2012, all nuclear energy efforts are suspended. The image below is a map depicting ground radioactive iodine levels based on US aircraft monitoring data.

Japan’s New Energy Strategy: Japan has limited domestic energy resources that have met less than 9% of the country’s total primary energy use since 2012, compared with about 20% before the removal of nuclear power following the Fukushima plant accident.t is the third largest oil consumer and net importer in the world behind the United States and China. Furthermore, it ranks as the world’s largest importer of liquefied natural gas and second-largest importer of coal behind China. The image below is a graphic representation of Japan’s energy consumption.

References:

1. Fukushima on the Globe

http://fukushimaontheglobe.com/the-earthquake-and-the-nuclear-accident/whats-happened

2. World Nuclear Association

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-accident/

3. EIA

http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=JPN

President’s Climate Action Plan

The President’s Climate Action Plan was published in June 2013. In his Second Inaugural Address, given January 2013, President Obama stated, “The path towards sustainable energy sources will be long and sometimes difficult. But America cannot resist this transition, we must lead it.” The Climate Action Plan is part of how President Obama will achieve the pledge he made in 2009 that by 2020, America would reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in the range of 17 percent below 2005 levels. His plan can be divided into three pillars-

1. Cut Carbon Pollution in America

2. Prepare the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change

3. Lead International Efforts to Combat Global Climate Change and Prepare for its Impacts

This blog will discuss one initiative from each of the three pillars.

In regards to the first pillar (Cut Carbon Pollution in America), the plan includes deploying clean energy by cutting carbon pollution from power plants as power plants, “are the largest concentrated source of emissions in the United States, together accounting for roughly one-third of all domestic greenhouse gas emissions.” As of the plan being written, there were no federal standards in place to reduce carbon pollution from power plants, although some changes were being made at the state level. Carbon pollution standards for both new and existing power plants are being created by the Environmental Protection Agency.

In regards to the second pillar (Prepare the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change), the plan includes protecting our economy and natural resources in many ways including promoting resilience in the health sector, conserving land and water resources, and identifying vulnerabilities of key sectors to climate change. Promoting resilience in the health sector means providing guidance on affordable measures to ensure that our medical system is resilient to climate impacts, collaboration with partner agencies to share best practices among federal health facilities, and training public-health professionals and community leaders to prepare their communities for the health consequences of climate change.

In regards to the third pillar (Lead International Efforts to Combat Global Climate Change and Prepare for its Impacts), the plan mainly attempts to work with other countries to take action to address climate change. This is accomplished in numerous ways including expanding clean energy use and cutting energy waste by:

-Financing and regulatory support for renewable and clean energy projects

-Actions to promote fuel switching from oil and coal to natural gas or renewables

-Support for the safe and secure use of nuclear power

-Cooperation on clean coal technologies

-Programs to improve and disseminate energy efficient technologies

References:

1. The President’s Climate Action Plan

https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/image/president27sclimateactionplan.pdf

2.The White House

https://www.whitehouse.gov/climate-change

3. Environment and Energy Study Institute

http://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-timeline-progress-of-president-obama-climate-action-plan

Iceland’s Use of Geothermal Energy

Blog about Iceland’s use of geothermal energy for generating heat and electricity.

Iceland is largely made of porous basalt at the crack in Earth’s crust where the North American and Eurasian plates are pulling apart. There are enormous underground reservoirs of water that are continually renewed by levels of annual precipitation that range as high as 177 inches over Iceland’s glaciers, and shallow patches of magma that heat the deepest reaches of these reservoirs to temperatures in excess of 750 degrees Fahrenheit. The image below details Iceland’s use of their geothermal energy resources. The largest portion goes to space heating and the second largest percentage goes to electricity generation.

Generating Heat: There is no national grid in Iceland – harnessing the energy comes via the remarkably simple method of sticking a drill in the ground near one of the country’s 600 hot spring areas, and using the steam that is released to turn the turbines and pump up water that is then piped to nearby settlements. Geothermal water is used to heat around 90% of Iceland’s homes, and keeps pavements and car parks snow-free in the winter. Hot water from the springs is cooled and pumped from boreholes that vary between 200 and 2,000m straight into the taps of nearby homes, negating the need for hot water heating. It’s also purified and cooled to provide cold drinking water.

Geothermal Electricity: Geothermal power facilities currently generate 25% of the country’s total electricity production. There are three basic designs for geothermal power plants, all of which pull hot water and steam from the ground, use it, and then return it as warm water to prolong the life of the heat source. In the simplest design, known as dry steam, the steam goes directly through the turbine, then into a condenser where the steam is condensed into water. In a second approach, very hot water is depressurized or “flashed” into steam which can then be used to drive the turbine. In the third approach, called a binary cycle system, the hot water is passed through a heat exchanger, where it heats a second liquid—such as isobutane—in a closed loop. Isobutane boils at a lower temperature than water, so it is more easily converted into steam to run the turbine. These three systems are shown in the diagrams below.

Resources:

1. Orkustofnun

http://www.nea.is/geothermal/direct-utilization/nr/91

2. Scientific American

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/iceland-geothermal-power/

3. The Guardian

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/apr/22/renewableenergy.alternativeenergy

The Stirling Heat Engine & Peltier Device

What is the Stirling Heat Engine? The Stirling engine was invented by Robert Stirling in 1816. There hasn’t been a successful mass-market application for the Stirling engine. The gasses used inside a Stirling engine never leave the engine. There are no exhaust valves that vent high-pressure gasses, as in a gasoline or diesel engine, and there are no explosions taking place making Stirling engines very quiet. The Stirling cycle uses an external heat source, which could be anything from gasoline to solar energy to the heat produced by decaying plants. No combustion takes place inside the cylinders of the engine.

Modern Day Applications? Stirling engines are used only in some very specialized applications, like in submarines or auxiliary power generators for yachts, where quiet operation is important.

What is the Peltier Device? Peltier devices, otherwise known as thermoelectric coolers, are solid-state heat pumps that operate according to the Peltier effect: a theory that claims a heating or cooling effect occurs when electric current passes through two conductors. A voltage applied to the free ends of two dissimilar materials creates a temperature difference. With this temperature difference, Peltier cooling will cause heat to move from one end to the other. The Peltier Effect was discovered by Jean Peltier in 1834.

A typical thermoelectric cooler will consist of p- and n- type semiconductor elements that act as the two dissimilar conductors. It is possible to shift the balance of electrons and holes in a silicon crystal lattice by “doping” it with other atoms. Atoms with one more valence electron than silicon are used to produce “n-type” semiconductor material. Atoms with one less valence electron result in “p-type” material.

The array of elements is soldered between two ceramic plates, electrically in series and thermally in parallel. As a DC current passes through one or more pairs of elements from n- to p-, there is a decrease in temperature at the junction (“cold side”), resulting in the absorption of heat from the environment. The heat is carried through the cooler by electron transport and released on the opposite (“hot”) side as the electrons move from a high- to low-energy state. The heat-pumping capacity of a cooler is proportional to the current and the number of pairs of n- and p- type elements (or couples).

Modern day applications? Peltier elements are commonly used in consumer products including camping products, portable coolers, cooling electronic components and small instruments. The cooling effect of Peltier heat pumps can also be used to extract water from the air in dehumidifiers. Climate-controlled jackets are beginning to use Peltier elements. Thermoelectric coolers are used to replace heat sinks for microprocessors. They are also used for wine coolers.

References:

1. How Stuff Works

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine.htm

2. II-VI Marlow

http://www.marlow.com/resources/general-faq/6-how-do-thermoelectric-coolers-tecs-work.html

3. PV Education

http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/pn-junction/doping

Museum of Science

Catching the Wind:

How do wind turbines generate electricity? Wind turbines catch the energy of the wind and change it into a form we can use. As the wind turns a turbine’s blades, the machinery inside the machine coverts the energy into electricity.

What factors need to be considered when selecting and siting them? The decision to install a wind turbine is generally based on a location’s wind speed and duration over the course of a year. Other factors include how much energy a wind turbine is capable of generating, efficiency, cost, the time it will take for the turbine to return a profit, how wildlife will be affected, and acceptance by the community.

What are the tradeoffs?

Renewable:

Wind- Wind is only available at certain times and in certain parts of the country, often times in areas far from large amounts of energy consumption. Also, an efficient method of storing excess energy produced by windmills has not been invented.

Solar- Solar energy is only available for half of the day and can be lessened with weather conditions. Also, the technology for solar panels is expensive.

Hydropower- Dams can negatively affect the ecosystems in the water and can also potentially contribute to the pollution of the surrounding water.

Biomass- The tradeoffs for biomass include that it is expensive, it is not as efficient as fossil fuels, and it creates methane gas when burned which is harmful to the environment.

Non-renewable:

Coal- Burning coal emits harmful waste such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acids, arsenic and ash into the air, acid rain, mining can negatively affect the ecosystem, miners and employees can suffer from coal related health issues, and there is a limited amount of coal to be used.

Nuclear Power- Radioactive wastes are produced and either have to be recycled or disposed of safely, safety of nuclear power and weapons use, limited amount of uranium, and nuclear accidents are tradeoffs to consider.

Natural Gas- Natural gas use produces greenhouse gas emissions, it is toxic and flammable, not as efficient as gasoline for transportation, and its supply is also limited.

Conserve @ Home:

Changes to make to energy “budget”-

>buying a car that gets 30.7 mpg vs 20 = 13.5% savings

>carpool to work = 4.2% savings

>install more efficient furnace = 2.9% savings

>lower winter thermostat = 2.8%

>replace single pane windows with more efficient ones = 2.8%

>lower highway speed from 70 mph to 60 mph = 2.4% savings

>buy low rolling resistance tires = 1.5% savings

>reduce washing machine temp. = 1.2% savings

>line dry clothing for 5 months of year = 1.1% savings

What’s a watt? The hair dryer used considerable more energy (1000 watts) versus the mixer (250 watts).

Energized: I went through all the interactive exhibits and found the solar energy ones to be intriguing. It was interesting to see the reading on the solar panel change depending on where you put it representing different times of day.

Investigate!: This exhibit went over the four steps of an at-home investigation- Ask a question. Make a guess. Check it out. Investigate further.

References:

1. Conserve Energy Future

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_BiomassEnergy.php

2. Fossil Fuel

http://fossil-fuel.co.uk/coal/the-disadvantages-of-coal

3. Museum of Science

http://www.mos.org/

Generator Activity

My partner and I did the generator lab demonstrating Faraday’s Law that states that changing magnetic fluxes through coiled wires generate electricity. The greater the change in magnetic flux, the greater the currents and voltages. We used a flashlight shake generator to demonstrate this and are results were in accordance with Faraday’s Law.

To conduct the experiment my partner shook the tube for thirty seconds at a constant rate. She counted the the number of times she shook it and I recorded the number. Using excel, we took the sum of the square of the voltages and recorded that number. We repeated this four more times at different rates of shakes. Below are our results and a graph with a trend line representing what we learned from Faraday’s Law. The more shakes, the higher the sum of the square of the voltages.

Labs

Tesla Electric Car

How does the Tesla electric car work? The Tesla uses a three-phase Alternating Current (AC) Induction motor. The motor has two primary components: a rotor and a stator. The rotor is a shaft of steel with copper bars running through it. It rotates and, in doing so, turns the wheels. The stationary stator surrounds, but does not touch, the rotor. The stator has two functions: it creates a rotating magnetic field and it induces a current in the rotor. The current creates a second magnetic field in the rotor that chases the rotating stator field. The end result is torque. The magnetic field is created completely from electricity. The stator is assembled by winding coils of copper wire through a stack of thin steel plates called laminations. The copper wire conducts the electricity fed into the motor from the Power Electronics Module. There are three sets of wires – each wire conducts one of the three phases of electricity. The three phases are offset from each other such that combing the rises and falls of each phase creates a smooth supply of current—and therefore power. The flow of alternating current into the copper windings creates a magnetic field. This is electromagnetism. And just as the current in each phase constantly rises and falls, the magnetic field also varies between “North” and “South”. -Tesla

Use of technology- Nikola Tesla emigrated to America from Croatia to work for Thomas Edison. The partnership did not last long and soon after he ended up going out on his own and launched a small company and development laboratory in 1886 in New York. In 1887 Tesla files his first patents for a two-phase AC system with four electric power lines, which consists of a generator, a transmission system and a multi-phase motor. The image below is a picture of one of many patents he filed for.

George Westinghouse licensed his AC induction motor and transformer and Tesla also worked for a short time as a consultant for Westinghouse. Tesla also made many other discoveries in fields such as lighting and radio technology. Below is a picture of Tesla around 1890.

Charging stations- The Tesla can charge wherever there is an outlet, 120v or 240v! The Tesla can be programmed to charge at a certain time of day. The recommended time is between midnight and 6 am when the cost of electricity may be lowest. Tesla also offers high power charging stations for home use that greatly increase the speed at which the car charges. Another option are Superchargers- stations on the road users can rapidly charge their cars at. There are also public charging stations across the country Tesla cars can use with an adapter. The map below shows the Supercharge stations as of January 2015.

References:

1. Tesla

http://my.teslamotors.com/roadster/technology/motor

http://www.teslamotors.com/models-charging#/onthego

2. Explain That Stuff

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/induction-motors.html

3. KIT

https://www.eti.kit.edu/english/1390.php

4. Hybrid Cars

http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-updates-map-of-supercharger-sites/

Pulley Lab

My partner Jill Swan and I did the pulley lab together. The lab consisted of exploring Newton’s 2^nd Law- the law of conservation of energy, velocity and acceleration, and power. We used the Lego Mindstorm robot to see how acceleration changed when mass changed and power was fixed and when power changed and mass was fixed.

Does the acceleration vary with mass? Yes. When we changed the masses- .05 kg, .1 kg, .15 kg, .2 kg, and .25 kg, with the power level left constant at 75, the acceleration decreased. The first graph is a representation of our results. It shows the trend line angled in a downward slope in regards to acceleration vs. mass.

Does the acceleration vary with power level? Yes. When we changed the power level- 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90, with the mass left constant at .1 kg, the acceleration level increased. The second graph is a representation of our results. It shows the trend line angled in an upward slope in regards to power vs. acceleration.

Is the linear trend line as expected? Yes. The linear trend line reflected what I expected the results to be based on the lecture and understanding the formula F=ma.

17.5 cm- to bottom of pulley

9 cm- height of weights

Electricity Generation

Electricity Generation:

How does a coal power plant work? The process begins when coal is ground to a powder. It is then blown into a boiler where the coal dust is burned, thus creating heat energy. Why grind the coal? Grinding it into a powder creates more surface are which, in turn, allows for faster and hotter burning producing more heat and less waste. The burning of the coal heats water in pipes coiled around the boiler, turning it into steam. Pressure is created by keeping the steam in pipes where it expands and the pressure drives the steam over the blades of a steam turbine. The steam turbine spins and mechanical energy is produced. A shaft connects the steam turbine to the turbine generator, so as the steam turbine spins, the generator does as well. Using an electromagnetic field, the generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The byproducts are ash and exhaust gas. The ash is collected from the bottom of the boiler and often sold to be used in building materials and the gases enter the exhaust stack. The exhaust stack has filters to remove the dust and ask before the gas is released into the air.How does a natural gas power plant work? The first step at a natural gas power plant is pumping the natural gas into the turbine. There it is mixed with air and burned, creating heat energy. Combustion gas is also created. The heat causes the combustion gas to expand causing a buildup of pressure. The pressure drives the combustion gas over the blades of the gas turbine, causing it to spin, converting some of the heat energy into mechanical energy. A shaft connects the gas turbine to the gas turbine generator so when the turbine spins, the generator spins as well. Using an electromagnetic field, the generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The combustion gas is then piped to the heat recovery steam generator where it is used to heat pipes of water, turning the water to steam, before leaving through the exhaust stack. The hot steam expands in the pipes and emerges under high pressure. These high-pressure steam jets spin the steam turbine. The steam turbine is connected by a shaft to the steam turbine generator, which converts the turbine’s mechanical energy into electrical energy.

How does a nuclear power plant work? The nuclear power plant begins the process in a reactor vessel- a tough steel capsule that houses the fuel rods, sealed metal cylinders containing pellets of uranium oxide. When a neutron, a neutrally charged subatomic particle, hits a uranium atom, the atom sometimes splits, releasing two or three more neutrons. This process converts the nuclear energy that binds the atom together into heat energy. When atoms in the fuel split, the neutrons they release are likely to hit other atoms and make them split as well creating a chain reaction producing large amounts of heat. Water flows through the reactor vessel, where the chain reaction heats it to around 300°C. The water needs to stay in liquid form for the power station to work, so the pressuriser stops it from boiling. The reactor coolant pump circulates the hot pressurised water from the reactor vessel to the steam generator. Here, the water flows through thousands of looped pipes before circulating back to the reactor vessel. A second stream of water flows through the steam generator, around the outside of the pipes. This water is under much less pressure, so the heat from the pipes boils it into steam. The steam then passes through a series of turbines, causing them to spin, converting the heat energy produced in the reactor into mechanical energy. A shaft connects the turbines to a generator, so when the turbines spin, so does the generator. The generator uses an electromagnetic field to convert this mechanical energy into electrical energy.There are similarities in the three types of power plants. They all use hot water, steam, turbines, and electromagnetic fields in their production process. There are a couple big differences I think are worth mentioning- the ability to control when and how much power is made and environmental impact. While nuclear power plants are in full effect at all times, natural gas and coal production can increase and decrease as needed to meet the demands, a definite benefit. On the note of environmental efficiency, nuclear is the clear winner producing carbon-free electricity as well as being a renewable resource. Natural gas produces less greenhouse gases than coal, about half as much, but the goal should eventually be no gas emissions so natural gas is not a perfect solution. It is abundant and cheap at the moment making it an appealing source of energy for now.

References:

1. EDF Energy- Coal

http://www.edfenergy.com/energyfuture/coal-generation

2. EDF Energy- Natural Gas

http://www.edfenergy.com/energyfuture/generation-gas

3. EDF Energy- Nuclear Power

http://www.edfenergy.com/energyfuture/generation-nuclear

4. Oil Price

http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Nuclear-Power/Natural-Gas-Threatens-U.S.-Nuclear-Future.html

Lego Mindstorm Lab Activity #2

My teammate, Jill Swan, and I experimented with three power settings for the motors, keeping both motors the same. We did three trials per power setting. The results are as follows:

Wheel Diameter= .055 m Circumference= .1728 m

The experiments show that the more power the motors had, the farther the robots went. In order to make a full rotation, the power needs to be over 55, as our experiments show that 55 just slightly not enough for an entire 360 degree rotation. The margin of error varied across all the studies anywhere from less than a percent to 12% error with no definitive link between the variation of results. The experience was helpful to reinforce the concepts of distance, velocity, and dealing with diameter, radius, and circumference from the lecture. It also was beneficial in learning to work with the robots and the computer software associated with them.

Fracking

What is fracking? Fracking, otherwise known as hydraulic fracturing, has been in use since the 1940’s but has recently seen a rise in the United States in part due to the economic benefit it brings to the communities where these resources are located and also because of the desire for energy security. The process of fracking begins with a well drilled vertically or horizontally 1-2+ miles into the Earth. In order to reduce the risk of leakage into the groundwater, the well is encased in steel and/or cement. At the time the vertical well reaches the layer of rock where the oil or natural gas is located, the well curves to about 90 degrees to drill horizontally along the rock layer, extending potentially over a mile. Next, fracking fluid is pumped into the well at pressures high enough to fracture the surrounding rock, creating fissures that allow oil or gas to flow through. This fracking fluid, also called slickwater, while mostly water, contains a range of additives and chemicals as well. Proppants are also pumped into the well and are used to keep the fractures open so the oil or natural gas can flow freely through the fissures. The reservoirs of oil or natural gas are then pumped back to the surface along with flowback liquid containing numerous contaminates. The flowback liquid is eventually injected deep in the ground below groundwater or disposed of at wastewater treatment facilities. The image below provides a graphic representation of how fracking works.

Pros:

>Fracking provides economic benefits such as jobs in the communities where the wells are located. (Reference 2)

>Fracking allows the US to produce their own energy resources, decreasing dependency on imported oil and fossil fuels and the costs associated with that. (Reference 2)

>Fracking can stimulate new production from older wells. (Reference 1)

Cons/Environmental Impact:

>An average of 400 tanker trucks are required to carry water and supplies to and from the site, contributing to air pollution and use of fossil fuels. (Reference 3)

>Millions of gallons of water are used in each fracturing job.

>About 40,000 gallons of chemicals (up to 600 types of chemicals such as lead, uranium, and mercury) are used in a fracturing job.

>Groundwater used by nearby towns for drinking water can be contaminated from leaching of the chemicals during the fracking process sometimes causing health complications.

>Up to 50% of the fracking fluid (not biodegradable) is not recovered and is left in the ground.

>Fracking fluid left to evaporate releases harmful VOC’s into the atmosphere contributing to acid rain, contaminated air, and ground level ozone.

References:

1. What is fracking?

http://www.what-is-fracking.com/what-is-hydraulic-fracturing/

2. Live Science

http://www.livescience.com/34464-what-is-fracking.html

3. Dangers of Fracking

http://www.dangersoffracking.com/

US Energy Grid

What is the energy grid?- The energy grid, or power grid in the United States is the system by which electricity is distributed to consumers across the country. The grid connects the energy producers and the consumers through a complex electrical system composed of three interconnected systems.

What composes the infrastructure of the energy grid?- As stated above the energy grid is composed of three interconnected systems. The systems are divided into the Western Interconnection, the Eastern Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection. According to the US Energy Information Administration, “The interlinked systems now include about 2,000 electric distribution utilities, more than 300,000 miles of transmission and distribution lines, millions of customers, and 7,000 power plants.” The image below is a graphic representation of the energy grid, showing the three interconnections.

How does the energy grid work?- The first step of the grid is the power source, whether that be a from a renewable source such as a hydro-electric plant or a non-renewable source such as a coal plant. Once the power is generated, it is stepped up at a transmission substation in order to be able to travel long distances. In order for the power to be used, it comes off the transmission grid to the distribution grid where it is stepped down at a distribution substation. On the distribution grid it is then stepped down a second time through the transformers so the power is now at the 120 or 240 Volts that we use in our homes and businesses.What are Smart Grids?- Smart grids are a way of modernizing the power grid by adding technology to the current grid such as meters, sensors, and synchrophasors. This incorporation of digital technology enables communication between the grid, consumers, and the operating network providing data on consumption, voltage, damage, and potential problems among others. According to the US Energy Information Administration, “A smarter grid makes the electrical system more reliable and efficient by helping utilities reduce electricity losses and to detect and fix problems more quickly. The smart grid can help consumers conserve energy, especially at times when demand reaches significantly high levels or when an energy demand reduction is needed to support system reliability.”

Pros:

1. Provides power to the country

2. Contributes to the economy in ways such as providing jobs anywhere from at the power plants to the installation of new lines.

Cons:

1. Security threats: “In fiscal year 2014, there were 79 hacking incidents at energy companies that were investigated by the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security. There were 145 incidents the previous year.” CNN

2. Siting new transmission lines when there is opposition to construction.

3. Reaching renewable energy generation sites can be challenging.

References:

1. US Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/article/power_grid.cfm

2. CNN: http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/18/technology/security/energy-grid-hack/

3. How Stuff Works: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/power4.htm

4. Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability: http://energy.gov/oe/services/technology-development/smart-grid