Hydrofracking

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Natural gas hydraulic fracturing or ”Hydrofracking” is a more economical/newer gas extraction process than regular extraction methods. Hydrofracking was first developed by Halliburton Incorporation and Messina Incorporation. According to epa.gov, ”Natural gas plays a key role in our nation’s clean energy future. The U.S. has vast reserves of natural gas that are commercially viable as a result of advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies enabling greater access to gas in shale formations”. This process is thought to be another conventional way of obtaining resources without harming and polluting the environment so much. Unfortunately, hydrofracking consumes vast amounts of water (nearly 6 to 8 million gallons of freshwater per fracking) and it uses some chemicals that are toxic which have a long term impact and are indeed harmful. On top of that, epa.gov conducting a study to determine the impacts that hydrofracting does to drinking water.

Let us begging by understanding what hydrofracting is all about. Slick water fracturing (hydrofracting) involves drilling a hole downwards, until it reaches the natural gas source, then a the drill is oriented horizontally, extending as long as eight thousand feet in each direction. In this following image we can easily see how the system works:

In the Hydrofract zone described in the bottom right of the picture, is when the action begins. 6-8 million gallons of water run down the pipe with enormous pressure and force to generate the so called fractures in the rock to create a passage for the natural gas to flow and follow. The natural gas is then extracted (as much as needed/available) and it becomes ready to be transported.  But is it only water what fractures the rocks? NO, several chemical-base additives are added to the water to facilitate and accelerate the fracturing processes. These chemicals are mixed with water and sand to produce a slurry that is injected into the shale formation, 6 to 9 thousand feet below the surface. hydraulicfracturing.com provides a list of chemicals used and their description and usage. here it is:

 

 

 

 

FRACTURING INGREDIENTS
Product Purpose Downhole Result Other Common Uses*
Water and Sand: ~ 98%
Water Expand the fracture and deliver sand Some stays in formation, while the remainder returns with natural formation water as produced water (actual amounts returned vary from well to well) Landscaping and manufacturing
Sand
(Proppant)		 Allows the fractures to remain open so that the natural gas and oil can escape Stays in formation, embedded in fractures (used to “prop” fractures open) Drinking water filtration, play sand, concrete and brick mortar
Other Additives: ~ 2%
Acid Helps dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rock Reacts with minerals present in the formation to create salts, water and carbon dioxide (neutralized) Swimming pool
chemicals and cleaners
Anti-bacterial Agent Eliminates bacteria in the water that produces corrosive byproducts Reacts with micro-organisms that may be present in the treatment fluid and formation; these micro-organisms break down the product with a small amount of the product returning in the produced water Disinfectant; sterilizer for medical and dental equipment
Breaker Allows a delayed breakdown of the gel Reacts with the crosslinker and gel once in the formation, making it easier for the fluid to flow to the borehole; this reaction produces ammonia and sulfate salts, which are returned to the surface in produced water Hair colorings, as a disinfectant, and in the manufacture of common household plastics
Clay stabilizer Prevents formation clays from swelling Reacts with clays in the formation through a sodium-potassium ion exchange; this reaction results in sodium chloride (table salt), which is returned to the surface in produced water Low-sodium table salt substitutes, medicines and IV fluids
Corrosion inhibitor Prevents corrosion of the pipe Bonds to metal surfaces, such as pipe, downhole; any remaining product that is not bonded is broken down by micro-organisms and consumed or returned to the surface in the produced water Pharmaceuticals, acrylic fibers and plastics
Crosslinker Maintains fluid viscosity as temperature increases Combines with the breaker in the formation to create salts that are returned to the surface with the produced water Laundry detergents, hand soaps and cosmetics
Friction reducer “Slicks” the water to minimize friction Remains in the formation where temperature and exposure to the breaker allows it to be broken down and consumed by naturally occurring micro-organisms; a small amount returns to the surface with the produced water Cosmetics including hair, make-up, nail and skin products
Gelling agent Thickens the water to suspend the sand Combines with the breaker in the formation, making it easier for the fluid to flow to the borehole and return to the surface in the produced water Cosmetics, baked goods, ice cream, toothpastes, sauces and salad dressings
Iron control Prevents precipitation of metal in the pipe Reacts with minerals in the formation to create simple salts, carbon dioxide and water, all of which are returned to the surface in the produced water Food additives; food and beverages; lemon juice
pH Adjusting Agent Maintains the effectiveness of other components, such as crosslinkers Reacts with acidic agents in the treatment fluid to maintain a neutral (non-acidic, non-alkaline) pH; this reaction results in mineral salts, water and carbon dioxide — a portion of each is returned to the surface in the produced water Laundry detergents, soap, water softeners and dishwasher detergents
Scale inhibitor Prevents scale deposits downhole and in surface equipment Attaches to the formation downhole with the majority of the product returning to the surface with the produced water, while the remaining amount reacts with micro-organisms that break down and consume it Household cleansers, de-icers, paints and caulks
Surfactant Increases the viscosity of the fracture fluid Returns to the surface in the produced water, but in some formations it may enter the natural gas stream and return in the produced natural gas Glass cleaners, multi-surface cleansers, antiperspirants, deodorants and hair colors

 

This is what the slurry looks like:

I was amazed when I learned that in order for hydrofracting to function faster and more efficiently, all of these mostly toxic chemicals have to be used. It certainly becomes a concern now not only to me but to the people and the environment. The same website argues that ”The environmental/ water quality/public health problem arises when the slurry is withdrawn. One to 3 million gallons of used slurry will be ‘produced’ per well. There will be hundreds, possibly thousands of wells. Where is all this water going to come from? How will the used slurry be stored? What will the fate of the slurry be?” These are all questions that the incorporations that operate hydrofracting should take into account. Inmense amount of water is being used, thousands of drills and wells are being made, and several long-term-life chemicals (toxic) are released and could contaminate drinking water sources. EPA is now studying whether the water is being contaminated and if so, how are they going to stop it. Something has to be done in oder to preserve and take care of the environment we live in. We also have to take into consideration what happens before the drill is made. Suppose there is a wood, and thousands of feet underneath lies a vast source for natural gas, the incorporations that do hydrofracting are not going to think about how petty the trees are, they are going to chop all of the trees down, and clear the area in order to have easy access to the gas resource; moreover, when they are done, they go home and leave the area damaged and makes it incredibly hard for life to grow back in there due to all the chemicals used.

On the positive side, hydraulicfracturing.com says that ‘Hydraulic fracturing is a proven technological advancement which allows producers to safely recover natural gas and oil from deep shale formations. This technology has the potential to not only dramatically reduce our reliance on foreign fuel imports, but also to significantly reduce our national carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and accelerate our transition to a carbon-light environment” Both arguments are clearly valid, the first one being reduced reliance on foreign fuel imports and second, the reduction of CO2. As bad as it could look, this methods is cleaner than the regular processes. Now, I apologize for my ignorance on how to upload a video on the blog but I highly reccomend you watch this video (even before you start doing your own blogs about this topic) it will be very helpful and its easy top follow:

chesapeake energy hydraulic fracturing method

Sources:

“Hydraulic Fracturing.” Fracturing Ingredients. Chesapeak Energy, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2012. <http://www.hydraulicfracturing.com/Fracturing-Ingredients/Pages/information.aspx>.

“Natural Gas Extraction – Hydraulic Fracturing.” EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2012. <http://www.epa.gov/hydraulicfracture/>.

“What Is Hydrofracking?” Peacecouncil.net. Neighbors of the Onondaga, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2012. <http://www.peacecouncil.net/NOON/hydrofrac/HdryoFrac2.htm>.

381 thoughts on “Hydrofracking”

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