Thermoelectric devices convert heat into electricity. They were invented in 1821 by Thomas Johann Seebeck and see consistent use to this day. To convert heat into electricity, the device takes advantage of the Seebeck Effect (V/°C), named after the devices creator.
Thermoelectric Generator:
A basic thermoelectric generator uses semiconductors, much like a solar cell to generate electricity. The differences between the Negative and Positive pellets create a heat transfer, and cause the generation of electricity. This is known as thermoconductivity. Thermoelectric generators can be installed at home or in a place of business, usually coming in at around 1kw of production. These power sources are off the grid and can be used in even the most remote locations.
Automotive Thermoelectric Generator:
Radioscope Thermoelectric Generator
Thermoelectric devices are all very similar in that they take advantage of unused heat energy. They all use semiconductors. They are often used in a system, where unused heat energy is present. In a sense, they are more of an add-on to an existing power source rather than a power source on its own, although they can be used as such. An example of this would be the Mars rover Curiosity, which uses a radioscope thermoelectric generator (RTG). It converts heat energy from decaying plutonium into electricity. The Plutonium 238 used in most RTEs has a half life of 87.7 years. The Curiosity has a special RTG known as the Multi-Mission Radioscope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG). According to NASA, the MMRTG has 4.8kg of Plutonium (238) dioxide which provides 2,000 watts of thermal power and 110 watts of electricity. The unit itself weights 45kg.
Sources used:
http://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIR1503089
http://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2011/oct/thermoelectric-energy-harvesting
http://phys.org/news/2014-08-thermoelectric-devices-electricity-vehicles-machines.html
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/rtg.cfm
http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/files/mep/MMRTG_FactSheet_update_10-2-13.pdf
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