On  Wednesday November 4, 2015, our class went to MIT to see their nuclear reactor that is for research uses only. We first was given a small lecture about the history of the Nuclear Reactor. The MIT reactor opened since 1958 and operates 24/7 however it was built in 1948. The reactor was upgraded twice, once in 1975 and once in 2010. It is currently running at 6mw thermal energy and that is barely able to power a light bulb. Which is why this reactor is mostly for students to do research.

Radioactive materials are emitted so they have multiple filters to decrease the radioactivity of the materials emitted. The material Argon 41 is pumped out however it is not marked as dangerous. A product, D20 is an isotope of H20 because of radioactive events. There are alpha particles which can only last for 8-12 inches however they are stopped by the body of a person. The light water will absorb the energy from high electrons which then slow the electrons making a continuous chain effect. The part most sensitive to radiation are our eyes. Beta particles can go through the body however stopped by aluminium. Then there are gamma particle that passes both the body and aluminum however stopped by lead. There is a 10% to 20% lost of power. There are also 6 groups of lifetimes, or what are the half lives of an element. It is Researched that an average miner for coal get more radiation than working on a nuclear reactor. Uranium 235 is the only useful isotope for nuclear reactor and if they get others like 237 or 233 they will have to try to get it closer to 235 and then use it. There are stuff that were experimented and also tested here and maybe even cured some people of stuff. We learned all of this in the lecture.

After the lecture, which I think was a bit boring, we went to actually see the nuclear reactor core and also its control room. There is usually a person there to make sure it is under control, but because this isn’t a major nuclear reactor, shutting down the reactor takes little time. There are automatic system as well. The machines did also get upgraded from paper dials to digital. The Reactor looked a lot smaller from the outside and When we were inside it looked like it was a half a block wide and long. There are air locks to the nuclear reactor core and it is opened only by eye scan. It’s a way to keep it safe. When we were leaving we got tested to see if we were clean of radioactive materials, like dust or strap of something by accident by walking around. Before we went to the Reactor, we were also given this meter that measures the amount of radiation we have absorbed. I checked it every few mins and it does increase once a few but by the time We left the area of the reactor I didn’t take too much.

On Wednesday October 28, 2015 we performed the a solar experiment. We hooked up the equipments according to the LabView program. We first tested the solar panel by blocking out any light from reaching the solar cells in the small panel we were provided with. The voltage generated was negative which means no power was being generated. We then tested 3 different positions of distance where the light source, a phone Flashlight. We started at 1 centimeter to 10 centimeters to 15 centimeters. It is predicted that as the light source is farther away from the cells, the less voltage it will generate. In the graph below it proves that it is true.

As the distance from the lightsource to the solar panel increase the voltage generated decreases. After this part of the experiment we also try another way to test voltage generated by using color filters paper. I choose Red Yellow and Blue Filter. I place the filter in top of the solar panel and then shine the light source 1 centimeters above it. This distance remained the same for the other 2 colors as well. I gotten the following results:

The purple color is when the power have no filters. I couldn’t find a good way to display so i made it a color. As you see the power generated from the yellow filter is much more higher of that of the 3 other settings. The color could be different if I used a different light source because some flash light are different, which our rule was to keep using the same light because a different light might give us a different result.

The Iran Nuclear Power program was first introduced in 1957 under Eisenhower Atoms for Peace Program. Mohamed Reza Shah initiated Iran’s nuclear program during the 1950s with assistance from the U.S. The United States and Iran signed a civil co-operation agreement in 1957.  Then on August 9, 1963 Iran signs the Partial Nuclear test ban treaty or PTBT. This treaty bans the testing of nuclear weapons. After 4 years the Tehran Nuclear Research Centre is built and ran by the AEOI or Atomic Energy Organization of Iran. In September of the same year, United States supplied Iran with 5.545 kg of enriched uranium, with 5.165 kg are fissile isotopes for fuel in research reactor. The United States also supplied 112g of plutonium. In 1968 Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty (NPT) which means to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. The first Nuclear Power plant was built in Bushehr in 1974.

However 5 years later the Islamic revolution halted the AEOI program and halted the nuclear power plant in Bushehr from running and their contract with Siemens AG is terminated as the German Firms leave. However within the next 10-20 years, they have signed programs with Russia and China to continue their program. Russia reached out to Germany for help because of unfamiliar equipments however they were rejected.  They have signed a $800 million contract with Russia under International Atomic Energy Agency or IAEA.

From 2002 to 2004, under the Bush administration, there were problems. In August of 2002 a spokesman for the  MEK terrorists group held a press conference to “expose” 2 nuclear facilities in Natanz and Arak however that was already known to US Intel. In December of 2002, US accused Iran for attempting to create nuclear weapons. IAEA have reported there are no evidence of Iran making any nuclear weapons like that of a Atomic Bomb. However The Bush administration stated that was impossible to believe that there was no evidence. A talk  between Iran and three European Union members, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, result in a compromise. Iran agreed to temporarily suspend its active uranium enrichment program for the duration of a second round of talks, during which attempts will be made at arriving at a permanent, mutually-beneficial solution. The United Union leaked a report that stated all nuclear materials was accounted for and no evidence of weapons of mass destruction was found.  ON November 22, 2004,  Iran declares that it will voluntarily suspend its uranium enrichment program to enter negotiations with the EU. Iran will then review its decision in three months. The EU seeks to have the suspension made permanent and is willing to provide economic and political incentives.

On November 24, 2004, Iran seeks to obtain permission from the European Union, in accordance with its recent agreement with the EU, to allow it to continue working with 24 centrifuges for research purposes.

A large amount of events happened between 2005 to 2006 and is too much to be covered here. A summary of those events would be Iran didn’t fulfil the treaty they have signed. On July 31 2006 UNSCR United nation Security  Council Resolution giving Iran till  August 29, 2006 to suspend all nuclear enrichment  and related activities or they will face sanctions. The Iran voted a 14-1 and agreed to suspend all the activities related. On December 16, 2007, Iran’s President  said that US Intel report stated that Iran have halted a nuclear weapon program in 2003.

On March 24, 2008, the last shipment of fuel and equipments arrived at the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant. On July 8–10, 2009, the 35th G8 summit, “US President Obama said Iran will have to September (at the = G20meeting) to show some improvements on the negotiations about Iran’s nuclear program, or else “face consequences”. French president  Nicolas Sarkozy said G8 are united on the issue with Iran, stating that patience with Iran was running thin: “For the past 6 years we have extended our hand saying stop your nuclear armament program… Do they want discussions or don’t they want them? If they don’t, there will be sanctions” he told reporters. Sarkozy also stated that Israel attacking Iran, would be an absolute catastrophe. “Israel should know that it is not alone and should follow what is going on calmly,” he said, adding that he had not received any assurances that Israel would hold off on any action ahead of the September deadline.”

In 2011, Iran’s nuclear power plant connected to its power grid. In November of 2013, the Preliminary agreed to limit Iran’s nuclear power in exchange of sanction reliefs.  In the same year United states have worked on secret negotiations with Iranian officials in Oman. Iran and IAEA also signed a Joint Statement on a Framework for Cooperation that commits both parties to resolve past and present problems. The Framework identified 6 measures to be completed within 3 months. This program however was extended till the next year of November 24, 2014. Iran however only completed the 3 out of the 5 specific task and ran out of time to complete the rest. However there are no signs of weapons of mass destruction being reported as of November 6, 2015.

Iran produced 254 billion kWh gross in 2012, with consumption of about 200 TWh, per capita about 2600 kWh/yr. Its 2012 electricity production comprised 170 TWh from gas, 69 TWh from oil, both of which it has in abundance, 12.5 TWh from hydro which is less reliably available, and 2 TWh from nuclear power. Demand is growing about 4% per year, and Iran trades electricity with Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Turkmenistan and Turkey. Net export is about 7 TWh/yr.

In mid-2013 generating capacity was 68 GWe. The country plans to boost generating capacity to 122 GWe by 2022, with substantial export potential.

In my opinions, Iran can and should have access to nuclear power because it’s a good way to keep the earth alive for a longer period of time. However there must be restrictions placed and that includes all countries, nations, etc because right now the earth and resources to sustain human life is in a condition where we must worry about.

Reference:

<Balmer, Crispian. “Sarkozy Urges Israel Not to Attack Iran.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 9 July 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. >

<JARRY, EMMANUEL, and JEFF MASON. “G8 Sets Iran Deadline for Nuclear Talks.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 8 July 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. >

< “Profile for Iran | NTI.” NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative. Web. 6 Nov. 2015.>

< SPETALNICK, MATT. “Obama Uses G8 Debut to Issue Warning to Iran.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 10 July 2009. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. >

< “Timeline of the Nuclear Program of Iran.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. >

< Tirone, Jonathan. “Iran’s Nuclear Program – QuickTake.” BloombergView.com. 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. >

< “World Nuclear Association.” Nuclear Power in Iran. Web. 6 Nov. 2015. >

On Monday October 26, 2015, we conducted a shaking experiment to generate power. We hooked up the LEGO mindstorm to a connecting wire to a shaker that have a coil in its case with a magnet going through it. 

This show the generator we used to create voltage, with a coil of wire and a magnet that pass through the coil center it, changes the magnetic flux as it goes back and forth.Since there is a change in flux it will generate a voltage. This is stated by the Faraday’s Law; changing magnetic fluxes through coiled wires generate electricity (currents and voltage).

In theory, as the amount of shakes increases the voltage generated increases. However on the chart you see that isn’t the case. That is because the LEGO mindstorm isn’t always accurate which is why at 30 shakes and 90 shakes there is a decrease in voltage generation from the previous number of shakes. The mindstorm only records for 30 seconds and it records the power every second. After each set of shakes, we would get the recorded data, and average them then repeat the new set but faster and faster. We then graphed the data according to its number of shakes. what you see above and determine it is still reliable because of some problems the LEGO windstorm presents.

The Movie Pandora’s Promise is about nuclear power and the Earth’s future.  In the past, environmentalist believed nuclear power was unsafe. However majority of the scientists have changed their mind about nuclear power since then. This movies follow their change in opinions about nuclear power.

Nuclear gotten its bad reputation through several events where nuclear power caused damage to people and/or the environments. The first event was the Chernobyl disaster which happened in USSR back in 1986 or now the Ukraine. The town of Pripyat, closest town to the accident have to be evacuated and till now the buildings are still abandoned till this day. There is a recorded number of about 41 deaths of this accident, however only 32 from the actual accident, and the rest to be radioactive poisoning and other medical reasons.

The second event was the Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania of 1979. This incident was only a partial meltdown of the nuclear reactor. There were no results of death however since the accident was widely broadcasted it set its limit to nuclear power. It cost about $1billion and 14 years to clean up the incident.

The third event was the Fukushima nuclear accident. The cause of this incident was actually a tsunami and an earthquake of about a magnitude of 9 in Tōhoku of 2011. The tsunami and the earthquake caused equipment failure leading to radiation leakage. The placement of the plant was that of a bad idea because due to the accident the area around the nuclear power plant is inhabitable. The first thing they need was stability. But since Japan is well known for tsunami and earthquake building a nuclear power plant might not have been a good idea.

People have opinions of their own, where some think or believe it’s unsafe and dangerous to humans and the earth itself. However science has proven that Nuclear is less dangerous than coal a widely used fuel. Coal release more carbon dioxide to the Earth’s atmosphere then Nuclear power plants do. The Nuclear power plants are also helping keep nuclear war from happening by buying nuclear warheads from Russia and repurposing them to power generation. There are consequences however when using Nuclear Power. The waste from nuclear power plants takes a large amount of time to be disposed.

This movie is good way to teach people that how the evolution of science through the years have changed people’s opinion about nuclear power energy. People need to ignore the media because they accuse the nuclear power plant idea that they are unsafe but however have no scientific back ups.

I recommends this movie to anyone who are interested into nuclear power because the information presented are very interesting and also placed in a manner where it’s enjoyable.

                  A Trip to Mars has been discussed among the scientists who want to get a better understanding  of Mars and also to see sustaining life on Mars is possible which will help the human race survive. The first layer of problem they must first resolve is the travel to Mars and maybe return trip back to Earth. As we know the farthest distance between Earth to Mars is about 401 million kilometers, the shortest distance is 54.6 million kilometers, and the average distance is 225 million kilometers. The distance to Moon is 238,900 miles (384472.282 kilometers). The amount of fuel that was needed to travel to the Moon, and bring back only 3 astronauts was enormous. Mighty Saturn V fuel is separated in sections in the rocket itself. First there is the 66,770 gallons of liquid hydrogen fuel, 19,359 gallons of liquid oxygen, 260,000 gallons of liquid hydrogen fuel, 80,000 gallons of liquid oxygen, 318,000 gallons of liquid oxygen, and 203,400 gallons of kerosene fuel. This amount of fuel could possibly even triple or quadruple to go to Mars. There will be changes; however, the concept is that the cost will be quite expensive.

              There are many companies aiming to land humans on the surface of Mars. NASA, Mars One, and SpaceX. NASA’s plans is still going underway, They are not too far away from making the trip, the only problem they have right now is shortage in funds. They are currently running the ARMs mission; Asteroid Redirect Mission, which captures asteroids and place their near a stable orbit around the moon for astronauts to celebrate, it is also a stepping stone to getting to Mars. NASA’s Mars mission would use the Orion spacecraft and the new Space Launch System (which isn’t expected to be ready for a few years yet). They are hoping to land a manned spaceship to Mars by 2035.

               However SpaceX plans to do it even earlier, by 2026. They plan to use the Falcon Heavy launch vehicle which is basically the Falcon 9 but with two huge booster rockets stuck onto it. SpaceX is still however inexperienced compared to NASA. SpaceX have not landed anything on the moon or even launched a rocket. So many people even the author of the article think it possible for them to finish by 2026.SpaceX is also going to fund by themselves and also putting them in the stock market. However it is almost impossible to get enough funding as they say it will cost about $500,000 just to get one person in a manned ship to Mars.

                  Then there is Mars One, another company which is planning to have a unmanned missions to land machinery onto Mars. They plan to land a permanent settlement. It is scheduled to launch for 2024. They have created a RoadMap or a Timeline of things they set to do till 2030. Mars One was founded in 2011, they started a crew selection in 2013, the selected will begin training by 2016, they will have demos in 2020,  a rover mission launch to Mars in 2022,  cargo mission in 2024, outpost operational in 2025, the selected will departure in 2026, and land in 2027, and then a second crew will be depart in 2028. They have a long list of goals they wish to accomplished however it is solely funded and supported by the community itself, so the progress could be slower and not meet those due times they want to accomplish things by. These are the few initiatives companies have taken for the space travel to Mars. I see potential however it is possible it won’t work as they want them to.

Reference:

-“Mars One.” Mars One. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.

-“NASA Announces Next Steps on Journey to Mars: Progress on Asteroid Initiative.” Nasa. 26 Mar. 2015. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.

-“SpaceX Says It Will Put Humans on Mars by 2026, Almost 10 Years Ahead of NASA | ExtremeTech.” ExtremeTech. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.

The past week, in the freshman seminar class, we performed multiple experiments with a lego powered pulley. Using mass and power, we see the acceleration and also time it took for the pulley to complete its work. We also looked at battery discharge with other factors. We had a setup of a Lego mindstorm with the motor connected to port A. It has a attached lego wheel rim part. It had a string attached to the wheel and it goes up to a pulley. Then we have removable weights that goes on a base with a hook. We then proceed to test the program that we downloaded, to make sure  our lego mindstorm is working. After that we proceed to change variables, like the  power and the weights, as  they should change the results we get each time we run the program. The more or less power the motor put to pull the fixed weight up. The more or less weight but power doesn’t change. We saw the time it took each different set. We also took in the power discharge or remaining power left in the battery.

To begin the weight was first set to .25 kg. We ran the program and pressed the stop button when the mass was at the top. We then reset and lowered the mass to .19 kg and then .13 kg after that. I expected that the acceleration would increase because there was less mass. As expected the acceleration increases each time we lower the mass. Acceleration is measured in rpm/s or rotation per minute/seconds^2. The acceleration went from 40 rpm/s^2 to 44 rpm/s^2 to 50 rpm/s^2. However we also expected the opposite for potential energy because potential energy is mass x acceleration by gravity x height. Since height remains at .25 meters and acceleration caused by gravity is 9.8 meters/second^2, and mass is the only one changing and its decreasing, its expected that it would decrease, and the result prove that it was going down. The potential energy started from .61 joules to .46 joules and to .31 joules.

The next thing that we also measured was power level and power discharge. As we increased the power level or power used by the lego mindstorm the power discharge would increase. When we used a power level of 50 , the battery discharge was 41 mV. Then at 75 , the battery discharge was 55 mV, Lastly, at 90 , the battery discharge was 83 mV.

Here is the Data:

We looked at the Newton’s 2nd law; Does acceleration change depending on mass?As Acceleration decreases, mass increases. This therefore proves the 2nd law F=ma where F stays constants and mass increases, the acceleration must decrease to balance the mass increase.Another question was that does acceleration change depending on power level. Since F is increasing and mass remains constant, acceleration must increase to balance out.

We then looked at the Law of Conservation of energy.Since the energy is turn into potential to the mass, as mass increase, the power discharge should increase as well. That concludes my experiment with the pulley and mass with the lego motor.

On Monday, October 5, 2015, we were given a tour at the Sawyer Library to learn  about all the resources that is available to us. I learned that the there are 3 different floors. Each floor has its own level of  When looking for books its simple as using the Course name and using the number to find it. This also works online as well where it registers with the book in the library itself. Let’s say your class is ECE-###, There are books labeled under a course or major where students can easily find. The Library also have its website where you can search for many things.

Lets first start on the first floor of the library. There is the front desk, the desk to your left the moment you walk in. You return books and check out books for 2 hours there as well. Something even better is they have Kindles where you can check out for a month and bring it with you anywhere. You even get a free download. You can also check out phone chargers samsung or iPhone, or even mac and pc laptops. They have to be returned when you leave but you can use them for as long as you are there. You can also check out rooms for group projects or meeting, where you can talk a bit more without bothering others. Then there is the Reference Desk where you bring all your questions to. It can be question on where to find a book or is there a book about this subject/topic on the library. If there is a book you need but there is no copies in the library, the library themselves can get the book for you however you need to wait for it.  There is also other more general stuff, there are printers all around the library each floor have printers and even scanners. You can also find tutors here as well and that is a good resource you can use as well.

That sums up the library structure itself. Now to the online part, which is the most amazing thing. There is a search engine there where you can search for books, articles, magazines, etc that is in their database. There is something called eBooks where you can download books as a PDF instead of using a physical copy. The Books here are also labeled under subjects or course as well. So you can do a keyword search with like Electrical, Power, or marine biology, etc. That summarize the Library tour.

In the auto industry, they are aiming to make cars more efficient, from using fuel,  environment friendly, or using different materials for the car structure frame and components. This however cost money to research and experiment with. With the Obama administration, they put forth a plan that can help create more fuel efficient cars and less emissions from transportation. By using the Federal Government funding from taxpayers, they revived the General Motors and Chrysler in March 2009. This enabled them to return to the market without tearing apart the auto industry. It also gave them a chance to restructure. Federal government pushed forward the plan to help lower the greenhouse gas emissions. Firstly, they hope to increase miles per gallon to 54.5 mpg by 2025. The amount of money going to oil imports are decreasing each year. Oil usage should decrease by 2 million barrels each year and the oil consumption of the first three months of 2012 was down 124,000 barrels of oil. “The National Highway Transportation Safety Administration estimates that the new standards will save approximately 4 billion barrels of oil and 2 billion metric tons of carbon pollution over the lifetime of new vehicles sold between 2017 and 2025” (American Progress). There are now a few bills that pushes forward to better energy efficiency.

While looking into this, I also found another engineer is also trying to tackle this efficiency in another way. Jyhwen Wang, a former research engineer in the steel industry, thinks of lightening the weight of the car instead. With his previous research experience from the steel industry, a major challenge is using the new materials especially advanced varieties of steel, building the automobile body parts that the properties allow for lightweight auto bodies which are often make it difficult to process and advanced steels are also more expensive than conventional steel. Researchers are also using hydroforming; consists of a die in which the material is formed inside a negative mold after the injection of a high-pressure hydraulic fluid, thus allowing more complex shapes and producing lighter and stronger products, to shape the materials into different parts. This process involves predicting the formability of the material.

Auto industry is also starting to invest into Hybrid cars, which uses both gasoline and electricity. It’s more efficient because if you need to accelerate or decelerate you can use electricity which perform better than gasoline and when you are cruising you would use gasoline because they are more efficient at that. The pros are being able to switch between the 2 motors; combustion engine and electric motor, and it contains a hybrid battery which charges when driving and also regenerative braking. There are also the full-electricity cars which runs fully on a electric motor. The battery is recharged by plugging it into an electric grid. It also get a little power back from itself in a process called regenerative braking. In this brake system, the electric motor is reversed and used as a generator to slow the car down, this generator helps recharge the battery a little, which needs a conventional brakes. However with limited battery technology, there have been little progress of this technology, however it is still getting better as we are in the 2015 already. There are also alternatives fuel for power. One to mention is compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. They have lower CO2 emissions however a better energy efficiency.

So in the end the auto-industry are trying to use alternative fuel to power engines, using a electric motors, going hybrid with fuel and electric, making the structure of a car more light weighted or creating better battery technology.

References:

• Plumer, Brad. “Cars in the U.S. Are More Fuel-efficient than Ever. Here’s How It Happened.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, 13 Dec. 2013. Web. 7 Oct. 2015. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2013/12/13/cars-in-the-u-s-are-more-fuel-efficient-than-ever-heres-how-it-happened/>.
• Villareal, Antonio. “Lighter Cars, More Efficient Cars | 2010 | Research | College of Engineering.” Lighter Cars, More Efficient Cars | 2010 | Research | College of Engineering. Web. 7 Oct. 2015. <https://engineering.tamu.edu/research/2010/lighter-cars-more-efficient-cars>.
• “Energy-Efficient Vehicles | Science Articles | PlanetSEED.” Energy-Efficient Vehicles | Science Articles | PlanetSEED. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.
• <http://www.planetseed.com/relatedarticle/energy-efficient-vehicles>.

Tom Vales Demo

10/5/15

On September 28, Tom Vales of the Engineering Department, a professor of Suffolk University came to our Freshman Seminar Class to demo a bunch of motors and power related machines. The first thing the show us was the Mendocino solar power motor, a teaching tool instead of a actually generator. It will run at  2,000 rpm under the sun. As we can see there are silver magnet on the shaft which reacts to the magnets on the base therefore keeping the solar motor hanging in free space. It demonstrate repulsion or magnetic reactions. The solar cell gets energy from the light source then sending it through the coil and which create a magnetic field; reacting to the magnet under the motor, turning it 90 degrees and it continues that. Mendocino Motor

After showing us the Mendocino solar power motor, he showed us the rocking armature which with power rock the arm back and forth which turns the wheel. the power would go through the coil then send the power to that plate on the left which cause it to rock back and forth pulling and pushing and pulling the “arm” rotating the wheel.

After that he showed us the Stirling generator, with a cup of hot water, he placed the generator on top of the cup covering it like a lid. After a few seconds, the pistons started to move up and down. He states that the materials that have the least friction will create more power. Stirling means steam power.

After that he showed us the Tesla Coil and fluorescent tubes. Firstly  by sending energy through a coil  it create power and using a metal nail type it send it up and if you hold anything close like fluorescent tubes it will light up. Fluorescent tubes contains Neon, Argon, Krypton, or Xenon; noble gases and also mercury. It lights up in “contact” with power. In the picture it shows him holding a staff with a light bulb in the center with wires running from the tip to the end of the staff; the other end of the staff have this metal tip which attracts electricity and the other is duct taped. The power have a skin effect where it just goes through only the outer layer of the conductor AC alternating current and goes over his skin or clothing.

He then showed us the Tesla Technology Violet ray machine which was rumored to be able to cure cancer and other diseases. There were many attachment created to solve many different other problems. Their basic construction was invented prior to 1900 by Nikola Tesla.