Category Archives: Homework

Solar energy lab

Leave a reply

Equipment:

  • One solar cell
  • One voltage probe
  • One NXT adaptor
  • NXT with light sensor
  • One light source
  • Labview VI  solarlab1.vi
  • Ruler
  • Colored film filters
  • Excel sheet

As you can see, for this solar energy lab we used a  flashlight as a light source, a solar panel and different color light filters. The purpose of the lab was to perform several experiments to try to gain an understanding of the relationship between light intensity and the voltage output of the solar cell, as well as the relationship between the wavelength of light and the voltage output of the
solar cell.

First, we flashed the light on the sensor at different distances on the ruler. For example in the diagram, I and my partner choose 10cm, 15cm, 20cm, and so on. When we did this our results showed that as the wavelength decreased, the voltage would increase.

Then next was the fun part. We used the colored strips next to see what we can observe and how different it was to the non-colored results. I and my partners results kept getting all messy, For example, we kept getting negative results when we wasn’t suppose to. But at the end all were increasing.

 

Museum of Science

Leave a reply

 

The day of the museum of science tour i showed up alittle late. I asked the information booth is Sufolk university had a tour but they didnt even know. So i thought that it would be a good idea and just roam around the museum myself even though i’ve been there aout 100 times. At the science museum I learned a lot about the human body, illusion, space travel, animals, and the world around us. The visit was not very structured so I felt I did fully tap what the museum had to offer. I roamed glancing at things, and taking a closer look at things i saw even more exciting. Even though there was no agenda, I felt I did learn a wealth of information the day of the tour and other times i’ve been at the museum.

 

Get those “deniers” out of here..

3 Replies

Global warming is a growing controversy.  The controversy is made bigger because of the media coverage.  You can find the coverage in the more popular media outlets than actual science literature.  In polls, you can see that about 84% of scientists will say that global warming is caused by humans, less than half of the public will agree.  Just two years ago the UK BBC conducted a poll and found that global warming skepticism is on the rise.

There are some people in pretty high positions that are in denial.  Some of the big names include Donald Trump, Ted Nugent, weather broadcasters, and even architects.

Climate change denial differs from skepticism, which is essential for good science. Almost two decades after the issue became one of global concern, the ‘big’ debate over climate change is over. There are now no credible scientific skeptics challenging the underlying scientific theory, or the broad projections, of climate change. The relationships between industry-funded denial and public climate change skepticism have at times been compared to earlier efforts by the tobacco industry to undermine what is now widely accepted scientific evidence relating to the dangers of secondhand smoke, or even linked as a direct continuation of these earlier financial relationships. Aside from private industry groups, climate change denial has also been alleged regarding the statements of elected officials.

It is believed that humans are the reason global warming exist and that is probably why some people are in denial.

They argue that the climates have changed before, but informed scientists will say that the climate reacts to what forces it to change at the time and at this time, it is humans that are the dominant force.  We are the ones causing global warming. The deniers will say that its “not that bad”.  The scientists will say that it is negatively effecting agriculture, health, and the overall environment more than it could positively.

More of What they say….

‘Skeptical Science’ lists a bunch of arguments made by global warming deniers:

Climate has changed before.

It’s the sun.

It’s not bad.

There is no consensus.

It’s cooling.

Models are not reliable.

Temperature record is unreliable.

Animals and plants can adapt.

Oceans are cooling.

It’s a natural cycle.

 

Why won’t deniers just believe that their is Global warming and it’s happening. Just get over it.

 

Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_controversy

http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/conservation/conservationists/talk-global-warming-deniers.htm

http://hamptonroads.com/2012/02/global-warming%E2%80%99s-deniers-dead-enders

 

Tom Vales presentation

Leave a reply

Tom Vales a fellow professor at Suffolk came in to give us a presentation. He showed us alternative energy sources and other forms of energy. Tom holds annual presentations for electrical light shows to be presented and along with his fellow buddies, does experiments and tricks-but he remembers to wear his ear plugs because the crackling is so loud it could even damage your hearing. The four models he focused on: Jean Peltier’s thermoelectric cooling method, the hot-air engine, the Piezo effect, and the Mendocino motor.

Vales lectured us on was the Peltier effect. Peltier made an astounding discovery when he “joined copper wire and bismouth wire together and connected, then to a battery.” While one of “junctions of the two wires” got hot, the other got cold. Like this he created the effect that could power a low efficient refrigerator. The principle that is most important about this experiment is that “In essence, the Peltier effect shows that electricity can cause a heat  difference at the junction of two different metals connected together.” Vales told us this is what beer coolers essentially use as a function to keep beers cool.

Further, we learned about Nikola Tesla and the Tesla coil. (http://www.teslasociety.com/teslacoil.htm), give alittle info on Tesla coil.

“The Tesla coil is one of Nikola Tesla’s most famous inventions. It is essentially a high-frequency air-core transformer. It takes the output from a 120vAC to several kilovolt transformer & driver circuit and steps it up to an extremely high voltage. Voltages can get to be well above 1,000,000 volts and are discharged in the form of electrical arcs. Tesla himself got arcs up to 100,000,000 volts, but I don’t think that has been duplicated by anybody else. Tesla coils are unique in the fact that they create extremely powerful electrical fields. Large coils have been known to wirelessly light up florescent lights up to 50 feet away, and because of the fact that it is an electric field that goes directly into the light and doesn’t use the electrodes, even burned-out florescent lights will glow.”

I liked Mr. Vales presentation because it showed me a different way of thinking about sustainable energy instead of just thinking in terms of solar panels and wind turbines.

MIT Fusion Lab Tour

Leave a reply

Most people in Cambridge don’t even know that one of the leading fusion experiments in the world is running a few yards away from their daily commute down Mass Ave.  Even fewer will ever have the unique opportunity to tour such a rare facility.  I and my classmates got our own very special tour of MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center where they study plasma for energy research.  My favorite was the Alcator C-Mod tokamak experiment to observe the latest progress in an international effort to make controlled nuclear fusion possible. Fusion is so puzzling, intriguing, and valuable to our present and future that MIT has devoted an entire laboratory to exploring it.

Following the tour we had a discussion of the current state of nuclear energy and innovations shaping its future.  What are the ramifications of the recent incident at Japan’s Fukushima reactor? How will this affect the discussions on fission and fusion energy by forcing the nuclear discussion back in to the spotlight. We entered the Control room and this is where it gets more exciting. You could see all the techinical things going on and they even ran a test so we can see for ourselves.

Even what could be called mainstream fusion techniques still draw skepticism, but it’s easy to see why people find it so compelling. The magnetic nuclear fusion studied at MIT uses an abundant energy source (a form of hydrogen found in seawater), power plants would pack a lot of energy in a much smaller footprint than solar or wind, and any radioactive material could be handled relatively easily. The waste from today’s nuclear power plants, which split atoms (nuclear fission) to get usable energy, should have storage designed for tens of thousands of years while fusion would need 50-year repositories.

Devoted to nuclear fusion, the science of fusing atoms together to create energy. Although it’s largely outside the daily discussions on energy, fusion is still being actively pursued. There are other types of fusion being studied, but a tour of the facility introduced me to the fundamentals of magnetic fusion and some of the technical challenges.

 

Pictured here is the blue cylinder-shaped test reactor. Inside is a doughnut-shaped vessel measuring about 1 meter across in the middle. Researchers are able to fuse two hydrogen atoms to make helium but only for a few seconds. An interesting side note is that only a few blocks away is MIT’s nuclear research reactor built at the dawn of the atomic age to study nuclear fission, or splitting atoms to produce energy.

I had a great time during the tour, plus it’s always great wgen you get to learn something new for a change.

Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing (hydrofracking):

Leave a reply
What is Hydrofracking?
Slick water hydraulic fracturing, also known as hydrofracking, is a new development in natural gas extraction. This process makes mining for natural gas in dense shale more economically possible, where before it was not.
Hydro-Fracking, sometimes called hydrofracturing, is a well development process that increases the flow of water from a bedrock well by increasing the size and extent of the bedrock fractures that bring water into the well. The procedure involves subjecting the bedrock formation to water pressure sufficiently high enough to either extend existing bedrock fractures or create new fractures. Hydro Fracking is a more COST EFFECTIVE alternative than drilling deeper. Water is injected into low-yield water well at a high pressure and volume opening up and cleaning out the existing fractures found in the rock.
“Hydraulic Fracturing for Natural Gas Pollutes Water Wells”
I looked up a story headlined “Hydraulic Fracturing for Natural Gas Pollutes
Water Wells” written in March of 2011 expressing concerns in the state of Pennsylvania. With locals worried about water contamination around the site of hydrofracking in Penn, a study has been performed showing there has been pollution detected within a mile of the sites.  The contaminants are known to be high levels of methane being found in drinking water if the communities were extracting from wells.  While learning that this type of problem is not something that is unexpected, more research was done determining the methane being released from fracking was newer gas and this gives evidence of negative effects from the process.
I completely empathize with their concerns and feel there are steps and
restrictions that should be made to ensure the well being of not only the home
owners in the area, but the environment as a whole.
KEY POINTS
Hydraulic fracturing is essential for the production of natural gas and oil from shale formations.
 Fracing fluids are comprised of approximately 98% water and sand and are handled in self‐contained
systems.
 Freshwater aquifers are protected by multiple layers of protective steel casing surrounded by cement. This is administered and enforced under state regulations.
 Deep shale natural gas and oil formations exist many thousands of feet underground

Hydraulic fracturing FACTS

Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracing, is a proven technological advancement that allows natural gas and oil producers to safely recover natural gas and oil from deep shale formations. This discovery has the potential to not only dramatically reduce our reliance on foreign fuel imports, but also to do so in an economically and environmentally responsible manner. Simply put, deep shale natural gas and oil development is critical to America’s energy needs and its economic renewal. Experts have known for years that natural gas and oil deposits existed in deep shale formations, but until recently the vast quantities of natural gas and oil in these formations were not thought to be recoverable. Today, through the use of hydraulic fracturing and sophisticated horizontal drilling techniques, extraordinary amounts of natural gas and oil are being safely produced from deep shale formations across the country.
Hydraulic fracturing has been used by the industry since the 1940s and has become a key element of natural gas and oil development worldwide. In fact, this process is used in nearly all natural gas wells drilled in the United States today. Properly conducted modern fracing is a highly engineered, controlled, sophisticated and safe procedure.
Refrences

Generator Experiment

1 Reply

Equipment:

  • One generator (magnet that moves back and forth
    inside a coil of wire)
  • One voltage probe
  • One NXT adaptor
  • NXT
  • Labview VI  generator_lab.vi
  • Excel sheet

 

 

FARADAY’S LAW
Faraday’s Law states that changing magnetic fluxes through coiled wires generate electricity (currents and voltage).   The greater is the change in magnetic flux, the greater are the currents and voltages. In this lab we had to shake a tube which has a magnet that will travel back and forth through a coil of wires. We was able to show that the faster you shake the tube, the greater will be the generated voltage.

We experimented with generators this week, and found ways to generate electricity using flashlights. Each flashlight had a magnet inside it that could be moved up and down with a simple shake of the wrist. The simple movement caused a change in the magnetic field. The bigger the change, the bigger the increase in energy.

We connected the flashlight with a voltage probe and NXT adapter. After that we shook the flashlight in 30 second intervals. The first time we shook it at slow pace, and then increased the speed each time for a total of five sessions. The computer collected the data.

 

 

The we had to calculate in Excel the sum of the squares of the
generated voltages (SSGV’s) (the voltage is logged after each second)..

Next, we plot the SSGV’s as a function of # of shakes and
fit the result to a linear curve graph..

Automobile Industry (Gas Mileage)

Leave a reply
 
The  automotive industry is one of the most competitive in the world. It’s so  competitive that the Ford Motor Co , founded in 1903 by Henry  Ford the legendary pioneer, innovator, and father of the assembly line, has  fallen all the way to the third spot in U.S. auto sales. Just a few weeks ago,  Ford was ousted from its longtime No. 2 spot by the Japan-based Toyota Motor  Co. , a  clear sign that the strategic landscape in the auto sector is changing, and  that nothing can be taken for granted. Soaring gas prices and environmental concerns have blown the door wide open for fuel-efficient  hybrid cars.  Registrations of new hybrid  automobiles increased 35% to nearly 290,000 vehicles in the first 10  months of 2007, according to data from R.L. Polk  and Co., an auto information and marketing company.
The company  sold 277,750 hybrid vehicles last year, up 44% from 2006. Toyota’s Prius,  Camry, and Highlander are considered the best hybrids on the market today. In  fact, the Prius is the industry’s  best-selling hybrid vehicle.

The latest addition to Toyota’s hybrid family is the  company’s A-BAT,  a concept truck set to debut at the 2008 North  American International Auto Show in Detroit. According to BusinessWeek,  the vehicle is roughly the size of Toyota’s smallest SUV, the RAV4. Its oversized  grill and rugged body type are designed to appeal to truck enthusiasts, but the  heart of the truck is its hybrid engine. Analysts have labeled the pseudo-truck  as a bold attempt to capitalize on a market shift toward fuel-efficient and  eco-friendly vehicles, without alienating traditional “red-state” truck owners

“Toyota is the world leader in hybrid technology.”

Hybrid Cars offer drivers an innovative, efficient, and affordable option. After years of ‘on the road’ development, gas-electric hybrid cars have become a practical choice for consumers. Hybrid-electric vehicles combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel economy, increased power, or additional auxiliary power for electronic devices and power tools.
Some of the advanced technologies typically used by hybrids include…
  • Regenerative Braking. The electric motor applies resistance to the drivetrain causing the wheels to slow down. In return, the energy from the wheels turns the motor, which functions as a generator, converting energy normally wasted during coasting and braking into electricity, which is stored in a battery until needed by the electric motor.
  • Electric Motor Drive/Assist. The electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine in accelerating, passing, or hill climbing. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. In some vehicles, the motor alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient.
  • Automatic Start/Shutoff. Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This prevents wasted energy from idling.
Example of Hybrid automobile…
 

 2012 Kia Optima Hybrid 

 

 4/5 seat sedan
Transmission: 6-speed automatic
Mileage (mpg): 42 city/ 46 hwy
Range per fillup (miles) : 600+

2012 US Base Retail Price: $26,500 

Features

Steering wheel audio and phone controls

Vehicle stability management system

Front dam air flap reduces wind resistance

Active eco-system regulates engine management

Voice-command, touch screen radio control

Vehicle smart key; auto-dim rear view mirror

UVO infotainment system

IPod USB connectivity; Bluetooth

“Revenge of the Electric Car,”

Then there is the electric car. Fuel cell vehicles and hybrid cars are also technically “electric,” but this is not what the auto industry means when it talks about electric cars. These cars run on rechargeable  battery powers, often coming from pricey lithium-ion battery packs. The price of such batteries has contributed to high prices for these cars and therefore low sales, but introductions like the new Nissan Leaf
car and other smaller “mini” cars tailored for city life are becoming more and more popular. In addition to being totally gas-free, the electric car has plenty of other advantages – for one, it runs nearly silently when compared to traditional motors.
In the 2006 documentary “Who Killed the Electric Car?” filmmaker Chris Paine chronicled the creation – and subsequent destruction – of electric cars by an auto industry resistant to change, environment be damned. I highly reccommend this documentary. You guys should watch it.

 

REFRENCES…..

A Robots Acceleration….

Leave a reply

Here is a Video of me & my partner taking on the experiment…

IMG_0484

 

In this lab we explored Newton’s 2nd
Law.

1. Newton’s 2nd Law i.e

2. The law of conservation
of energy

3.Velocity and acceleration

4. Power

In the experiment, we altered the amount of weight used on the pulley, and using  the Lab View computer program we were able to adjust the power levels to lift the weights…We discovered that less weight made the pulley go faster, as did higher power levels when the weight was unchanging.  Likewise, heavier weights and lower power levels slowed it down. After collecting the data, it was transferred to a
Microsoft Excel template, shown in the image below.We then arranged the first four attempts that had the same amount of weight and
different power levels, and the last four have different weights but the same power level.  After this, we put it all into several graphs.

 

SPEED (RPM) BATTERY DISCHARGE Mass POWER LEVELS
0 61.96324 0 55 0 0.25 0 75 0 4.153 0 14.92012
0 91.66994 0 152 0 0.185 0 75 0 2.549 0 35.9631
0 94.92064 0 152 0 0.135 0 75 0 2.625 0 36.16024
0 97.7086 0 111 0 0.095 0 75 0 2.313 0 42.24324
0 99.53904 0 180 0 0.055 0 75 0 2.314 0 43.01601
0 67.87879 0 28 0 0.25 0 62 0 3.025 0 22.43927
0 51.92967 0 14 0 0.25 0 52 0 4.474 0 11.60699
0 84.23628 0 235 0 0.25 0 82 0 2.861 0 29.44295
0 116.1114 0 83 0 0.25 0 92 0 2.311 0 50.2429
0 127.2517 0 42 0 0.25 0 102 0 1.869 0 68.08542

 

Demand Response

20 Replies
Demand response refers to electricity customers reducing or shifting their electricity use during peak demand periods in response to price signals or other types of incentives. At present, the vast majority of electricity customers are on flat, average rates that do not vary by time of day or season, no matter how much the cost to generate or deliver electricity fluctuates as demands on the system rise and fall. Flat rates combined with the growth in the use of air conditioning—one of the highest demands during peak periods—has led to peak power demand growing faster than overall growth in electricity consumption. Rising peak demand is straining the electricity system and threatening the reliability of the power grid. It also is adding costs that all customers pay one way or the other, while leading to increased emissions.
Demand response technologies are smart grid technologies. They include any products or services that help in the active monitoring and dynamic control of electricity usage. Smart meters are one of the examples. Such meters allow measurement in time intervals, which is essential to being able to send timebased price signals to customers that encourage them to shift usage from one period to another. The meters and other technologies also allow new and better information to be generated and used by both the customer and electricity providers.
Demand Response Cheat Sheet: Stuff you need to know-
  • The estimated minimum amount of power electricity consumers demand on a day-to-day basis is called the baseload.
  • Demand for electric power is highest in the afternoon and early evening. The periods when demand is greatest are called peak usage times.
  • Dynamic pricing, time-of-use rates (TOU) and upgrading to smart grid technology are all examples of demand response programs that could reduce energy consumption, reduce power outages and reduce wholesale energy costs.
  • The current power grid is one-way only — it delivers power where and when power is requested. Upgrading to a smarter, two-way automatic grid would open communication between power plants, delivery systems and buildings. It could automate the flow of electricity as needed, identify load problems and balance uneven supplies of energy.

DEMAND RESPONSE PROGRAMS

Demand Response programs offer incentives to electricity users to reduce their power use in RESPONSE to a utility’s need for power due to a high, system-wide DEMAND for electricity or emergencies that could affect the transmission grid.

Demand Response programs offer these incentives to users who volunteer to participate by temporarily reducing their electricity usage when demand could outpace supply. These high-demand situations are known by a number of different terms: peak demand, peak energy event, critical demand event, peak demand period, etc. Utility and energy planners endorse Demand Response programs as fiscally and environmentally responsible ways to respond to peak demand periods. Below are some of the different demand response programs.

  1. Peak Energy Agriculture Rewards (PEAR)
  2. PJM Interconnection
  3. Demand Response Contracts
  4. Demand Bidding Program (DBP)
  5. Critical Peak Pricing (CPP)
REFRENCES