IN TEXT (parenthetical citations)
Follow author-date citation method: author’s last name and publication year.
- Last_Name YEAR
- Gross (2002) analyzed election turnout data…
- In a recent study of election turnout data (Gross 2002)
- In 2002, Gross evaluated election turnout data…
- Several studies (Aldrich 2009; Todd 2007; Tolbert and Squire 2009) show that… According to Gross (2002, 167), “as society continues to undergo…”
REFERENCE LIST
- List all references cited in the text, alphabetically by author’s last name.
- Note that personal communications (i.e., letters, memos, telephone conversations,interviews, E-mail, discussion groups, etc.) are cited in text or in notes only.
- Use authors’ last names, first names (and middle initials, if available); for books, use “et al” to credit fourth through last authors.
- Cite electronic journals, web sites and other electronic publications.
BOOKS
One Author
Boren, Mark Edel. 2001. Student Resistance: A History of the Unruly Subject. 1st ed. Routledge.
Two Authors
Ansolabehere, Stephen, and James M. Snyder Jr. 2008. The End of Inequality: One Person, One Vote and the Transformation of American Politics. W.W. Norton & Co.
Edited Collection
Cain, Bruce E., Todd Donovan, and Caroline J. Tolbert. 2008. Democracy in the States: Experiments in Election Reform, Brookings Institution Press.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Levine, Charles H. 1990. “Human Resource Erosion and the Uncertain Future of the U.S. Civil Service.” Frederick S. Lane, ed. Current Issues in Public Administration (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 329-353.
Encyclopedia Article, with author
Buenger, Walter L. and James Alex Baggett. 1996. “Constitutional Union Party.” The New Handbook of Texas. Vol. 2, p. 286-287. Austin: Texas State Historical Association.
Multivolume Work
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1970. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower. 21 vols. Eds. Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. and Stephen E. Ambrose. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Dissertation
Munger, Frank J. 1955. “Two-Party Politics in the State of Indiana.” Ph.D. diss.. Harvard University.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND LAWS
Government publication
U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census. 2006. Statistical Abstract of the United States.Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce.
Hearing
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. 1956. The Mutual Security Act. 84th Cong., 2d sess., S. Rept. 2273.
Legal Case
Baker v. Carr. 1962. 369 U.S. 186.
Law or Statute
Administrative Procedure Act. 1946. Statutes at Large. Vol. 60, sec. 10, p. 243.
Treaties
U.S. Department of State. 1963. Nuclear Weapons Test Ban, 5 August. TIAS no. 5433. U.S. Treaties and Other International Agreements, vol. 14, pt. 3.
Technical Reports
Gottfredson. L.S. 1980. How Valid Are Occupational Reinforcer Pattern Scores? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. ERIC, ED 182 465.
PERIODICALS
Journal Article, One Author
Aldrich, John. 2009. “The Invisible Primary and Its Effects on Democratic Choice.” PS: Political Science & Politics 42(01): 33-38.
Magazine Article
Prufer, Olaf. 1964. “The Hopewell Cult.” Scientific American, December, 13-15. Daily
Newspaper Article, No Author
Sacramento Bee. 2004. “Eyes on Sudan: Victims of Racist Repression Need Help Now.” 9 July.
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Newspaper Article from the Web
Balz, Dan. 2007. “Mixed Reviews for Clinton in Iowa.” Washington Post, January 29.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/28/AR2007012801321.html
(January 29, 2007).
Document from a Web Site
King. Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. 1998. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” September 7. http://gking.harvard.edu/preprints.shtml (October 22, 1988).
Document from a Web Site, without an author or date
Death Penalty Information Center. 2005. “Crimes Punishable by the Death Penalty.” http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=144&scid=10 (January 29, 2007).
See also:
APSA’s Web site http://www.apsanet.org for additional help and updates.